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Primacy of Ireland
The Primacy of Ireland was historically disputed between the Archbishop of Armagh and the Archbishop of Dublin until finally settled by Pope Innocent VI. ''Primate'' is a title of honour denoting ceremonial precedence in the Church, and in the Middle Ages there was an intense rivalry between the two archbishoprics as to seniority. Since 1353 the Archbishop of Armagh has been titled ''Primate of All Ireland'' and the Archbishop of Dublin ''Primate of Ireland'', signifying that they are the senior churchmen in the island of Ireland, the Primate of All Ireland being the more senior. The titles are used by both the Roman Catholic and Church of Ireland bishops. The distinction mirrors that in the Church of England between the Primate of All England, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Primate of England, the Archbishop of York.〔MacGeoghegan, James, ''The history of Ireland, ancient and modern'' (1844), James Duffy, Dublin, p. 337〕
==History==
The episcopal see of Dublin was created in the eleventh century, when Dublin was a Norse city state. Its first bishop, Dúnán (or Donatus), was described at his death as "chief bishop of the Foreigners".〔Gwynn, Aubrey, ''The Irish Church in the 11th and 12th Centuries'' (1992), edited by Gerard O'Brien, Four Courts, Dublin, pp. 50–51〕 From the first, Dublin had close ties to the see of Canterbury.〔Gwynn (1992), p. 50〕 The fifth bishop of Dublin, Gregory, was only a subdeacon when he was elected bishop by what Aubrey Gwynn called "the Norse party in the city". He was sent to England where he was consecrated by Archbishop Ralph of Canterbury, but on his return he was prevented from entering his see by those who wanted Dublin integrated with the Irish hierarchy. A compromise was reached by which Gregory was recognised as bishop of Dublin, while he in turn accepted the authority of Cellach, archbishop of Armagh, as primate.〔Gwynn (1992), pp. 128, 228〕 In 1152, the Synod of Kells divided Ireland between the four archdioceses of Armagh, Dublin, Cashel and Tuam. Gregory was appointed archbishop of Dublin. The papal legate, Cardinal John Paparo, also appointed the archbishop of Armagh "as Primate over the other bishops, as was fitting."〔Gwynn (1992), p. 221〕
Henry de Loundres, archbishop of Dublin from 1213 to 1228, obtained a bull from Pope Honorius III prohibiting any archbishop from having the cross carried before him (a symbol of authority) in the archdiocese of Dublin without the consent of the archbishop of Dublin.〔Brenan, Michael John, ''An Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, Volume I'' (1840), J. Coyne, Dublin, pp. 377–8〕 A century later, this bull led to a confrontation between Richard FitzRalph, archbishop of Armagh, and Alexander de Bicknor, archbishop of Dublin, when FitzRalph, acting on letters of King Edward III specifically allowing him to do so, entered Dublin in 1349 "with the cross erect before him". He was opposed by the prior of Kilmainham on the instructions of Bicknor, and forced to withdraw to Drogheda. On Bicknor's death, and the succession of John de St Paul to the see of Dublin, King Edward revoked his letters to FitzRalph and forbade the primate to exercise his jurisdiction in Dublin.〔Carew, Patrick Joseph, ''An ecclesiastical history of Ireland'' (1838), Eugene Cummiskey, Philadelphia, pp. 396–7〕 In 1353 the matter was referred to Avignon. There Pope Innocent VI, acting on the advice of the College of Cardinals, ruled that "each of these prelates should be Primate; while, for the distinction of style, the Primate of Armagh should entitle himself ''Primate of All Ireland'', but the Metropolitan of Dublin should subscribe himself ''Primate of Ireland''."〔William Dool Killen, ''The Ecclesiastical History of Ireland'' (1875), MacMillan, Dublin, p. 294〕
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